Home-based bakery ventures among Malaysia youth: a post-SPM economic alternative

In today’s rapidly changing environment, not all school leavers from Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) immediately pursue higher education due to financial constraints or the desire to explore other opportunities. One practical option for generating income is starting a home-based bakery business, which has grown in popularity with the help of social media and online platforms. Baking offers flexibility, creativity, and steady demand, especially during celebrations such as birthdays, weddings, and festive seasons, where customers often prefer fresh and personalized homemade products over factory-made items.