Optimization of pitch value for a fixed tilted bifacial grid-connected photovoltaic system for solar farm in tropical Malaysia

This research presented an optimization study of the pitch value for a fixed tilted bifacial grid-connected photovoltaic (bGCPV) system intended for solar farm in tropical Malaysia. Despite increasing bPV adoption in Malaysia, there is little research on pitch optimization under tropical, space constrained conditions. This study aimed to determine the optimal pitch value for different module in height and observed pitch-tilt coupling for fixed-tilted bifacial systems in tropical Malaysia under land-use constraints. The pitch parameter, which is the row-to-row distance between PV module arrays, directly influenced mutual shading, bifacial gain, and ground coverage ratio (GCR). Despite its importance, pitch optimization for bPV systems under space-constrained conditions in tropical regions remained sparsely investigated.