Income level differences and physical activity behaviour among civil servants: a cross-sectional study in Kota Bharu, Kelantan

This study investigates the association between income levels and PA behaviour among civil servants in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 357 civil servants (N=357) using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Participants were stratified into three income groups namely the B40, M40, and T20 based on DOSM national income percentiles. PA was
categorised into vigorous, moderate, and walking activities. A Chi-Square test was employed to evaluate the relationship between income and PA type, with significance set at p < 0.05. The analysis revealed a statistically significant association between income and PA type χ² (4, N=357) = 22.77, p = 0.00014, with a Cramér’s V of 0.178 indicating a small to moderate effect size. Vigorous PA was more prevalent among B40 individuals, while M40 and T20 respondents showed greater participation in moderate and walking activities. Income level significantly influences PA behaviour among civil servants, reflecting disparities in occupational demands, access to PA resources, and lifestyle choices. These findings underscore the need for income-sensitive public health strategies to promote equitable PA engagement. Future research should employ longitudinal designs and broader demographic sampling to explore regional and temporal patterns in PA behaviour.