A climate-based approach to thermal comfort adaptation in colonial architecture: a case study of Bireuen Regent Hall, Aceh

The purpose of this study is to determine how the tropical environment affects colonial building design's energy efficiency, comfort, and building shape. Descriptive and qualitative research methodology focusing on case studies was employed. Data were gathered through direct observation of the research subject, Pendopo Bireuen. Humid tropical architecture is characterized by wide roof forms that block sunshine and rainwater, adapting buildings to the local climate. The Indies Empire Style (18th–19th century), the Transitional Architectural Style (1890–1915), and the Modern Colonial Architectural Style (1915–1940) are the three periods of the evolution of Indonesia's colonial building typology. Colonial architecture in Indonesia has progressively adapted to the country's tropical environment which results in some modifications to building designses. It was found that several supporting elements of colonial buildings in Pendopo Bireuen in tropical climate areas have distinctive physical elements as adaptations to high temperatures and heavy rainfall. The climate-supporting elements are roof shapes, high openings, canopies/overhangs that protect from exposure to sunlight, and ventilation on the building walls as natural circulation in the room so that the room feels cooler.