The effect of Na:AC mass ratio on thermal stability of Na:AC catalyst for biodiesel production / Farah Hanis Salleh

This study investigates the effect of Na:AC mass ratios of 1:1, 1:3, and 1:4 on the thermal stability of Na/AC catalysts where activated carbon (AC) is derived from oil palm kernel shell (OPKS) to produce biodiesel. Thermal stability is a key point to be considered in producing catalyst to examine the resistance of the catalyst in extreme conditions. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to assess the thermal stability of the catalysts. The findings emphasize the potential of utilizing OPKS as a sustainable raw material for AC which contributes to waste reduction and biodiesel production. To further encourage the growth and application of Na/AC catalysts, it is recommended to evaluate the economic feasibility and environmental impact of producing AC from agricultural by-products. This approach corresponds with the goals of sustainable development and renewable energy developments.